The authorised versions in Danish which have been produced through the times are translated from Greek (New Testament) and Hebrew (Old Testament), but the translators quite naturally consult translations into e.g. Teachers can make use of the simplified or paraphrased version for teaching in class, a kind of practice which would otherwise be done in a senior stage. Examples. The 1992 version is allegedly a new translation from Greek, but as mentioned above the translators do of course consult other modern language versions and in this case have leaned heavily on the 1948 version. to make it more authoritative. EndNote (version X9.1 and above), Zotero, BIB Maria og Josef gav ham navnet Jesus, sdan som englen havde sagt de skulle. Scholars have listed a range of situations in which intralingual translation facilitates communication, for example, reformulating a legal document in plain language for a lay readership, new. The target group for this text is children from 3 to 5 years old. I would like to think that intralingual skills are included in the term intercultural communication, if we do not limit our definition of intercultural to mainly a question of national culture (see Zethsen 2010 forthcoming). As we have seen, it may take the form of considerable reduction of the text by leaving out what is deemed to be superfluous information in order to make the processing of the text easier. Many translation scholars rely on Jakobsons three kinds of translation for their definitions of what constitutes translation, but de facto they mostly focus exclusively on Jakobsons concept of interlingual translation. In the childrens versions, we see reduction as well as extension, but especially the latter. The Economist, Nov. 23, 2010). In China The San Tzu Ching () is an elementary guide to knowledge for children. The etymology is from the Latin, translat-"carried across", "To translate, one must have a style of his own, for otherwise, the translation will have no rhythm or nuance, which come from the process of artistically thinking through and molding the sentences; they cannot be reconstituted by piecemeal imitation. Steiner was particularly interested in intralingual translation which was diachronically motivated: The schematic model of translation is one in which a message from a source-language passes into a receptor-language via a transformational process. Examples An example of Interlingual Translation would be the Bible. 2. In the preface to the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Baker also, argues that we have been narrow and restrictive in defining our object of study and expresses concern about the lack of research outside the field of translation proper: [] intralingual translation is not such a minor issue as the existing literature on translation might suggestI know of no research that looks specifically at the phenomena of intralingual or intersemiotic translation. At one point we have a writer in a room, struggling to approximate the impossible vision that hovers over his head. Tymoczko (1998, 2005) is not particularly concerned with intralingual translation, but her arguments for a broad perception of translation are very relevant. This sentence is originally from the first verse. Intralingual vs. Interlingual translaiton - a comparative analysis of strategies in text production In translation studies, a distinction can be made between interlingual translation and intralingual translation, depending on whether translation occurs between two languages or in one language. The content has remained constant both denotatively and connotatively. Again Steiner builds on Jakobson who also discussed, for instance, the fact that the challenge of synonymy in intralingual translation resembles the challenge of equivalence in interlingual translation (Jakobson 1959/2000: 114; Shuttleworth 1997: 88; Dam-Jensen and Zethsen, 2008). Many versions in many languages may be involved in Bible translation, but from the point of view of this article the interesting fact is that different versions of the Bible, of the same basic message, are created in order to cater for various target groups. The aim is to make the text understandable and interesting especially to the young members of a family.[10]. Intralingual translations instigated by the parameter of culture (intercultural translations) could typically be an American version of an English book (as is the case with Harry Potter, for instance, which has been published in a special American edition replacing cultural words like biscuits, football, Mummy, rounders and sherbet lemons with cookies, soccer, Mommy, baseball and lemon drops [Hatim and Munday 2004: 4-5]). Learn new skills with a flexible online course, Upskill with a series of specialist courses, Earn professional or academic accreditation, Study flexibly online as you build to a degree. Contemporary synonyms have replaced older ones and a more modern and less stilted syntax has been used. Once Jakobsons seminal text with its very broad philosophical and hermeneutic definition of translation has served its purpose of defining translation, authors quickly move on to the field of translation proper, or to the restricted area of translation proper which has their particular interest. What a miracle! That is, strategies applied within interlingual translation today in accordance with the skopos of the translation brief (e.g., a certain amount of restructuring or reduction) may 20 years ago have been considered unacceptable and beyond the tools available to translation proper. Furthermore, that word exists within a multidimensional matrix that defines the four salient (for the Tofa people) parameters of reindeer: age, sex, fertility, and rideability. The professional translator and cultural mediator of today needs a large number of skills to qualify as an expert for interlingual and intercultural communication (Snell-Hornby 1999: 164). Unlike translation proper, intralingual translation is a rewriting or paraphrasing within the same language system. The purpose of this study is to help provide insights into this area of translation studies by studying the way scientific texts are adapted to popular texts. Intralingual translation: example of the model Leichte Sprache Glosbe Usosweb Research This particularly concerns extensions into adaptation studies, intralingual translation , translation between semiotic systems (image to text to music, for example), and translation as the form of all interpretation and thus of all understanding, as suggested . It is largely used in film, theatre and the visual arts but also in image design and advertising. Localisation is now a huge industry which does of course often involve translation proper, but in many cases localisation also takes place intralingually, the aim being to produce different cultural versions of the same text within the same language. These factors are: These four factors are not listed according to importance, as that depends on the kind of intralingual translation. This line of thought was further elaborated by Steiner in 1975. The witness is intimidated by the formality of the court setting, and assumes that the unfamiliar word, 'fracas', is a polite euphemism. I have chosen to analyse and compare four different Danish versions of five verses from Luke chapter 2 with the Danish authorised 1948 version and this is how they read in the King James version (a 1986 edition[6]): And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. What is transliteration example? ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/translation-language-1692560. Examples Intralingual translation occurs when we produce a summary or otherwise rewrite a text in same language, say a children's version of an encyclopedia. We therefore acknowledge our responsibility in the editorial interpretation of the source text The translation is thus a free translation, neither a word-for-word translation, nor a paraphrase.[11]. To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. For a number of years I have carried out research within medical expert-to-layman communication (in addition to my work within translation proper) and as a translation scholar been intrigued by the many similarities between interlingual and intralingual translation. The reader is the least tortured of this trio, but the reader too may very well feel that he is missing something in the book, that through sheer ineptitude he is failing to be a proper vessel for the books overarching vision." Usually, transliteration handles only Out-Of-Vocabulary . Intralingual translation or rewriting, according to Roman Jakobson, is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languages. The empirical work of this article is considered as a first attempt of a concrete, general description of the characteristics of and the microstrategies involved in intralingual translation. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. As we have seen above, Jakobsons definition of intralingual translation partly lies in its other name, rewording, and partly in the more explicit explanation offered by Jakobson: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It should be noted though that the general consensus today about the benefits of functional translations in many cases gives room for a much broader perception of what constitutes translation. [] to be taxed in the city from which their people originally came. In this article, Dr C. Marinetti discusses translation within the same language and between sign systems, and the creative function of translation. When planning this case study, a number of different examples of intralingual translation were considered. We believe learning should be an enjoyable, social experience, so our courses offer the opportunity to discuss what youre learning with others as you go, helping you make fresh discoveries and form new ideas. In this approach, the source language, i.e. English, German, French, Swedish and Norwegian as well as other Danish versions (Jeppesen 1990: 23-24). https://www.thoughtco.com/translation-language-1692560 (accessed March 4, 2023). 13 In it, and more specifically, in the part of the book devoted to the theory and methodology of translation, Kakridis discussed intralingual translation and its attendant problems . Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. Translation studies is engaged in the academic study of translation and it is therefore common that works on translation devote chapters or paragraphs to a definition of translation as a concept. no longer tolerate incomprehensible expert texts. ), these examples demonstrate how language does not just explain but helps generate meanings and bring new energy to familiar entities. This is evident, for instance, when looking at the everyday Danish version and the childrens versions and is presumably the driving force in the majority of intralingual translations. Toury (1986: 1113) mentions interdialectal translation as a borderline case and also Pym (1992: 25) argues that there is no strict cut-off point. Sharing the same function as interlingual translation, its performances can be ideological and historical. Mllehave, Johannes (1991): Alle brns Bibel. . To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? The four intralingual translations into Danish are the following in chronological order: A family picture Bible from 1973[7] (236 words), A picture Bible for very small children from 1991[8] (158 words), The Danish authorised version from 1992 (88 words), The New Testament in everyday Danish from 1985/2002[9] (89 words). The most classic example of interlingual translation is "The cat is on the table" - "Il gatto sul tavolo". [] and then the bed was as soft and as clean as you could ask for. I think we do need to redefine, even though we might actually ask redefine what? as there is no consensus within translation studies about one particular definition. This relationship can take many forms and by no means rests on the concept of equivalence, but rather on the skopos of the target text. It occurs when some ideas expressed verbally are translated into images and/or movement. Intralingual translations instigated by the parameter of space (reducing/extending translations) are typically various kinds of summarizing (such as prcis-writing, shortened versions of classical texts such as easy-readers, news reporting or subtitling for the deaf (Snell-Hornby 2006: 21) or extension/addition, which is typically seen when explanation is needed due to comprehension limits in the target group caused by time, culture or lack of knowledge. ), but the hypothesis will not be explored further in this article. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Syntactical changes making the text more contemporary, 1948 Og fordi Josef var af Davids hus og slaegt, drog ogs han op fra, And because Joseph was of the house and lineage of David, also he went up from [], 1992 Ogs Josef drog op frafordi han var af Davids hus og slaegt, Also Joseph went up from because he was of the house and lineage of David [], 1948 Og det skete, medens de var der, kom tiden, da hun skulle fde, And it happened, while they were there, came the time, when she were to give birth, 1992 Og mens de var dr, kom tiden, da hun skulle fde, And while they were there, came the time, when she were to give birth. Also Schffner points out that translational reality exceeds interlingual translation and she claims that it is increasingly agreed within the academic community of translators that the translators responsibilities go well beyond what was traditionally considered a translation proper (Schffner 1999: 98). Scholars argue that translation within the same language has existed for as long as language has existed, and arguably civilisation itself. Arguing against the classical theory of categorisation, which involves shared properties as conditions for category membership, strictly objective conditions for category membership and clear boundaries between categories, i.e., no borderline cases (in logic the specification of necessary and/or sufficient conditions is used to determine category membership, to provide precise definitions), Wittgenstein introduced the very pragmatic and empirically-based (that is, not on formal logic) open concept of family resemblances (also called the cluster concept) and argued that this is what unites the category of game, for instance (Wittgenstein 1953/1958: section 66-67). A closer look reveals that the extended number of words comes from a large number of factual explanations and the addition of factual information to enhance childrens understanding of the text. (2020, August 28). If we know more about differences as well as similarities, the insights provided by both fields would be more useful. The entire text is one long paraphrase, not a single phrase is identical to the 1948 version. its original text can be classic Chinese and its translated text can be modern English, in-between is intralingual translation in modern Chinese. On the basis of the case study and assisted by introspection and the more or less stray sentences of the literature referred to above, the main factors that seem to be influential in intralingual translation (and at the same time, the very reasons for the existence of intralingual translation) have been examined. At the EST 2004 conference in Lisbon (proceedings forthcoming), Denton dealt with intercultural translation in his paper Waterlogged Somewhere in Mid-Atlantic: Why American Readers Need Intralingual Translation but Dont Often Get It. Rollason (2006: 5) refers to Denton who showed that even an English original can encounter communication barriers when crossing the Atlantic and exemplified with: Sue Townsends novel of 1982 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13 3/4, a cult best-seller in Britain but far less successful in the US, where its very British cultural codes and slang terms have impeded readers enjoyment, to the point where Denton even suggests the case points up the need for intralingual translation. This is discussed by Snell-Hornby (1999, 2006) who heavily criticises and warns against a too narrow perception of translation (in general, and Newmarks definition in particular) the traditional linguistic transcoding activity (Snell-Hornby 1999: 164) and of the tasks of the modern-day translator, which need to be reflected to some extent in our theoretical discussions if they are to remain meaningful. A total of 26 experimental studies conducted between 2010 and 2022 were . Practically all information has been transferred, but the order of the information has been changed in quite a few instances and pictures have been added. The picture Bible for very small children from 1991 is naturally very different from the 1948 authorised version, but in many ways resembles the family Bible for children from 1973 as regards explanations, explicitations, lexical and syntactical simplification, the addition of pictures as well as textual additions to enhance childrens comprehension of and interest in the text (with one exception though: all additions are factual, i.e., objective). The aim of this version is to get even very young children to understand and take an interest in the main message of the text. intralingual translation between dialects, sociolects, and patois diamesic translation, i.e. Meta, Volume 54, Number 4, dcembre 2009, p.795812, Tous droits rservs Les Presses de lUniversit de Montral, 2009. What does intralingual mean? some kind of relevant similarity exists between the source and the target texts. The emperor wanted to count people in the cities in which they were born. This strategy is clearly reflected in the translation. P-nr: 1013139411, EAN-nr: 5798000418363 You can unlock new opportunities with unlimited access to hundreds of online short courses for a year by subscribing to our Unlimited package. Intralingual translation - translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase; Interlingual translation - translation from one language to another, and Intersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example, music or image. In order to answer these questions, two experiments will be set up in which professional text producers and students will be asked to translate a scientific text into a popular text. It should be emphasized that it is an attempt, at a more detailed general description as there is not much theory or any empirical studies to lean on. The target group is adults who prefer a traditional, formal version. Intralingual translation, according to Jakobsen's definition, can be understood as a rewording or paraphrasing, that is, expressing approximately the same meaning in "different forms of the same . Unlike the other versions, the New Testament in everyday Danish has a preface in which the translators explain their strategy: You cannot blindly translate from source language to target language without disturbing the original meaning. Nordquist, Richard. In my view, translators are excellently equipped to carry out this kind of intralingual translation because of the many similarities with interlingual translation. In the English-speaking world the authoritative version is the King James Bible from 1611 (basically unrevised from that date if spelling and punctuation is discounted, see Nicolson 2003/2004) and in Denmark the first authorised version of the New Testament translated from Greek came in 1907 though the most influential work in Danish Bible translation is the resen-svanningske translation from 1647 on which the authorised version is based (Jeppesen 1990: 18) (the 1907 authorised version has since been revised in 1948[4] and 1992[5]). To Steiner, translation proper is seen as a heightened case of the process of communication and reception, but he also claims that the linguistic problems implicit in interlingual translation are already implicit in all intralingual discourse (Steiner 1975: 260-261, 414) a view reflected by Even-Zohar in 1990 when discussing the mechanism of transfer (see also Weissbrod 2004: 24; Shuttleworth 1997: 88). We have seen that descriptions of translation claim that meaning can be carried across between languages, however dressed up or repackaged it is, and we have begun to question the assumption that meaning remains unchanged during this process. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Bibelen (1992): (The 1992 Danish authorised version of the Bible.) Even though the empirical study of intralingual translation is meagre, no one can deny that intralingual translation is a widespread phenomenon and that it is easy to find many very different instances of this kind of translation (within expert-layman communication, for instance, they abound). In practice, we see many kinds of intralingual translation; numerous varieties of expert-to-layman communication, easy-readers for children, subtitling for the deaf, summaries, some kinds of news reporting, new translations of classics, etc. Even-Zohar (in Weissbrod 2004: 24) argues that there is no benefit in dealing with one phenomenon (translation) as if it were detached from other phenomena when it is not. And Gambier (1992: 308) takes a similar view: Enfin, il oblige reposer la ncessit prtendue dune thorie de la traduction, autonome, spare de la thorisation des autres processus interactionnels (intralinguistiques).. It is this basic message which is intralingually translated into new versions, irrespective of the element (small or great) of interlingual translation intralingual translation is crucial in each new version. .." (Lawrence Venuti, The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. The changes made centre around the level of background knowledge and ability of comprehension of the target group. (Michael Cunningham, "Found in Translation." The parameter of culture refers to the need to explain cultural references in a text which time or general background knowledge prevent the target group from understanding even though the languages involved are the same; this is the case in the everyday version and in the childrens versions. In this video lecture, we will study the difference b/w interlingual and intralingual translation. If we regard translation as a cluster concept, i.e., as an open concept, our requirements for category membership do not take the form of necessary conditions, but family resemblances; sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail which overlap and criss-cross (Wittgenstein 1953/1958: section 66-67) in the same way as resemblances between members of a family.
Gilbert Artemus (Artie) Darrell